A Review of the Preventive Strategies for Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients
Chidera Onwuzo, John Olukorode, Walid Sange, Shrushti Jayesh Tanna, O. Osaghae, Abdulraheem E Hassan, Heritage Kristilere, Dolapo A Orimoloye, Olutomiwa Ayoola Omokore, Busayo Ganiyu, Temiloluwa Fayemi, Ehizobhen Addeh
Abstract
This comprehensive review introduces the critical issue of venous thromboembolism (VTE), emphasizing its prevalence, particularly in developed countries, and its role as a leading cause of preventable deaths. It discusses the components of VTE, encompassing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), with a focus on the clinical challenges of diagnosing silent VTE in hospitalized patients. The review underscores the shocking statistics associated with VTE, including its impact on patient mortality, especially in medically treated, acutely ill patients. Despite the availability of evidence-based guidelines recommending VTE prophylaxis, there is a significant gap in implementation, making it a leading cause of unexpected hospital deaths. Additionally, the review outlines the multifaceted nature of VTE risk factors, ranging from transient to persistent and provoked to unprovoked, providing a comprehensive understanding of patient-specific considerations. The latter part of the review delves into the impact of VTE on patient health outcomes, revealing its adverse effects on survival, recurrence rates, and psychosocial well-being. Furthermore, it explores various preventive measures, including pharmacological and mechanical options, and their effectiveness, highlighting the importance of a multimodal approach. The review also touches on the challenges of guideline adherence and patient-centered considerations in VTE prevention.