Innovative <i>N</i>-Acridine Thiosemicarbazones and Their Zn(II) Complexes Transmetallate with Cu(II): Redox Activity and Suppression of Detrimental Oxy-Myoglobin Oxidation
Büşra Kaya, Henry R. Smith, Yanbing Chen, Mahan Gholam Azad, Tiffany M. Russell, Věra Richardson, Mahendiran Dharmasivam, Des R. Richardson
Abstract
The coordination chemistry and electrochemistry of novel N -acridine thiosemicarbazones (NATs) were investigated along with their redox activity, antiproliferative efficacy, transmetalation, and dissociation properties. The ability of NAT Fe(III) complexes to inhibit detrimental oxy-myoglobin (oxy-Mb) oxidation was also examined. The NATs act as tridentate ligands with a 2:1 L/Zn(II) complex crystal structure, revealing a distorted octahedral geometry, where both ligands bind Zn(II) in a meridional conformation. The NAT Fe(III) complexes exhibited fully reversible one-electron Fe III/II couples with more positive potentials than the Fe(III) complexes of a related clinically trialed thiosemicarbazone (e.g., [Fe(DpC) 2 ] + ) due to the electron-donating capacity of acridine. Surprisingly, the NAT-Zn(II) complexes showed generally greater or similar antiproliferative activity than their ligands, Cu(II), or Fe(III) complexes. This may be explained by ( 1 ) formation of a highly lipophilic Zn(II) complex that acts as a chaperone to promote cellular uptake and ( 2 ) the capacity of the Zn(II) complex to dissociate or undergo transmetalation to the redox-active Cu(II) complex. Of the NAT-Fe(III) complexes, [Fe(AOBP) 2 ] + demonstrated a significant ( p < 0.0001) improvement in preventing oxy-Mb oxidation than the Fe(III) complex of the clinically trialed thiosemicarbazone, DpC. This article advances our understanding of NAT coordination chemistry, electrochemistry, and the intriguing biological activity of their complexes.