Development of 3D-printed Ti-MXene incorporated chitosan/HAP nano-composite soft-bone scaffold and its mechanical, anti-biofilm and cell-viability studies
Ashwin Veerabathiran, Ashok Kumar Subramania, Mowsam Saikia, T. S. Manikandamaharaj, Saradh Prasad Rajendra, Ramesh Duraisamy, Subramania Angaiah
Abstract
The prevailing scientific literature suggests that implantable plates demand resurgery, and it will result in corrosion behaviour and the formation of biofilm on the scaffold by Staphylococcus aureus, which is capable of causing a bone surgery-related detrimental effect in two-thirds of the people suffering from osteomyelitis diseases. The development of a nanocomposite scaffold by 3D-bioprinting to improve potent mechanical features with substantial biological characteristics. By incorporating hydroxyapatite (10% w/v) into chitosan (10% w/v) at 1:1 ratio mimicking the natural structure of soft bone tissue. Furthermore, a better structural hydrogel was synthesized for 3D bio-printing through the incorporation of Ti-MXene into the Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite at two distinct ratios. Apart from this, 0.3 mg/mL of Ti-MXene containing 3D-printed nanocomposite scaffold revealed better structural morphology with very less biofilm formation when compared to other 3D-printed scaffolds. Furthermore, mechanical testing such as tensile revealed 23.3 MPa for 0.3 mg/mL of Ti-MXene incorporated Chitosan/HAP nanocomposite. Additionally, this scaffold exhibits a favorable contact angle (74.70°) with a low swelling ratio (27.6%) and degradation rate (1.1%). Further, an in-vitro cell viability test showed a higher cell attachment without cell death. These results find the absence of toxic effect and suggest an enhancement in cell attachment.