Apoptotic extracellular vesicles are metabolized regulators nurturing the skin and hair
Lan Ma, Chider Chen, Dawei Liu, Zhiqing Huang, Jiaqi Li, Haixiang Liu, Ryan T. K. Kwok, Ben Zhong Tang, Bing‐Dong Sui, Xiao Zhang, Jianxia Tang, Xueli Mao, Weiying Huang, Songtao Shi, Xiaoxing Kou
Abstract
Over 300 billion of cells die every day in the human body, producing a large number of endogenous apoptotic extracellular vesicles (apoEVs). Also, allogenic stem cell transplantation, a commonly used therapeutic approach in current clinical practice, generates exogenous apoEVs. It is well known that phagocytic cells engulf and digest apoEVs to maintain the body's homeostasis. In this study, we show that a fraction of exogenous apoEVs is metabolized in the integumentary skin and hair follicles. Mechanistically, apoEVs activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to facilitate their metabolism in a wave-like pattern. The migration of apoEVs is enhanced by treadmill exercise and inhibited by tail suspension, which is associated with the mechanical force-regulated expression of DKK1 in circulation. Furthermore, we show that exogenous apoEVs promote wound healing and hair growth via activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in skin and hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells. This study reveals a previously unrecognized metabolic pathway of apoEVs and opens a new avenue for exploring apoEV-based therapy for skin and hair disorders.