Arterial Stiffness in Overweight and Obesity: Association with Sex, Age, and Blood Pressure
John Glad Eikås, Eva Gerdts, Hilde Halland, Helga Midtbø, Dana Cramariuc, Ester Kringeland
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Obesity has been associated with increased arterial stiffness. Sex-differences in arterial stiffness in obesity have been less explored. AIM: To explore sex-differences in arterial stiffness by applanation tonometry in 323 women and 225 with overweight and obesity, free of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Covariables of arterial stiffness were identified in multivariable linear regression analyses in the total cohort and separately in women and men. RESULTS: In the total study cohort, women had higher augmentation pressure (AP) and augmentation index (AIx), and lower carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) than men, independent of confounders (all p < 0.001). In sex-specific analyses, higher AP was associated with higher age and 24-hours systolic blood pressure (BP), and with lower heart rate in women (all p < 0.001), and with higher age and BP in men (all p < 0.001). Similarly, higher AIx was associated with higher age and BP, and lower body mass index (BMI) and heart rate in women (all p < 0.05), and with higher age in men (all p < 0.001). Higher cf-PWV correlated with higher age and BP in women (all p < 0.005), and additionally with higher heart rate and non-smoking in men (all p < 0.05). When replacing BMI with waist-hip ratio, higher waist-hip ratio was associated with higher cf-PWV in men only (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among subjects with overweight and obesity, AP and AIx were higher in women, and cf-PWV was higher in men. Age and 24-hours systolic BP were the main factors associated with arterial stiffness in both sexes, while measures of adiposity had little impact on arterial stiffness.