Immunomodulatory effects of calcium phosphate microspheres: influences of particle size on macrophage polarization and secretion patterns
Qiwen Wan, Luoqiang Tian, Menglu Wang, Fuying Chen, Xiangfeng Li, Yumei Xiao, Xuening Chen, Xingdong Zhang
Abstract
M2 macrophages. Additionally, HA microspheres were injected into mouse quadriceps muscles, revealing significant differences in immune cell infiltration and tissue response. The S1 microspheres induced a prolonged and more severe inflammatory response, while the S2 and S3 microspheres were embedded in cell-rich tissue with minimal inflammation or fibrosis. It indicated the potential of larger microspheres (S2 and S3) to create a more favorable immune microenvironment that supported faster and more effective tissue healing. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing microsphere size to achieve desired immunomodulatory effects, thereby enhancing their clinical efficacy.