Cytokine Networks in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Emerging Strategies
María Rosado-Sanz, Núria Martínez-Alarcón, Adrián Abellán-Soriano, Raúl Golfe, Eva M. Trinidad, Jaime Font de Mora
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenging subtype of breast cancer due to its aggressive nature and lack of targeted therapies. Cytokines play a pivotal role in shaping the tumor microenvironment, modulating tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapy resistance. In this review, we discuss the complex cytokine networks involved in TNBC biology, highlighting their contribution to key oncogenic processes, including proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunomodulation. We also summarize current and emerging cytokine-targeted therapeutic strategies, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, cell-based therapies, and cytokine-armed CAR-T and CAR-NK cell approaches, with a focus on clinical implications and future directions.