Recalcitrant generalized granuloma annulare treated successfully with dupilumab
Eingun James Song, Joshua Bezecny, Sterling Farrer
Abstract
Granuloma annulare (GA) is a chronic, inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that can be therapeutically challenging. Based on preclinical studies and success of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor class, GA has been thought to be primarily a helper T cell type 1 (Th1) immune-mediated disease.1 Yet, there are patients who do not respond to TNF-α inhibitors, and paradoxical cases of GA have also been reported, suggesting that an alternate pathway may be implicated in certain individuals.
Topics & Concepts
Granuloma annulareMedicineDupilumabTumor necrosis factor alphaEtiologyImmunologyImmune dysregulationDiseaseDermatologyGranulomaImmune systemPathologyAtopic dermatitisSkin Diseases and DiabetesAutoimmune and Inflammatory DisordersOral Health Pathology and Treatment