Co-occurrence of Campylobacter Species in Children From Eastern Ethiopia, and Their Association With Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, Diarrhea, and Host Microbiome
Yitagele Terefe, Löıc Deblais, Mostafa Ghanem, Yosra A. Helmy, Bahar Mummed, Dehao Chen, Nitya Singh, Vida Ahyong, Katrina Kalantar, Getnet Yimer, Jemal Yousuf Hassen, Abdulmuen Mohammed, Sarah McKune, Mark Manary, M. Isabel Ordiz, Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Arie H. Havelaar, Gireesh Rajashekara
Abstract
High Campylobacter prevalence during early childhood has been associated with stunting and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), especially in low-resource settings. This study assessed the prevalence, diversity, abundance, and co-occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in stools from children in a rural area of eastern Ethiopia and their association with microbiome, diarrhea, and EED in children. Stool samples (n=100) were collected from randomly selected children (age range: 360-498 days) in five kebeles in Haramaya District, Ethiopia. Diarrhea, compromised gut permeability, and gut inflammation were observed in 48%, 45%, and 57% of children, respectively. Campylobacter prevalence and species diversity were assessed using PCR and meta-total RNA sequencing (MeTRS). The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the children’s stools was 50% (41-60%) by PCR and 88% (80-93.6%) by MeTRS (P1.76-log read per million/positive stool sample). Four clusters of Campylobacter species (5-12 species/cluster) co-occurred in the stool samples, suggesting that Campylobacter colonization of children may have occurred through multiple reservoirs or from a reservoir in which several Campylobacter species may co-inhabit. No associations between Campylobacter, EED, and diarrhea were detected in this cross-sectional study; however, characteristic microbiome profiles were identified based on the prevalence of Campylobacter, EED severity, and diarrhea. Forty-seven bacterial species were correlated with Campylobacter, and thirteen of them also correlated with gut permeability, gut inflammation and/or EED severity. Forty-nine species not correlated with Campylobacter were correlated with gut permeability, gut inflammation, EED severity and/or diarrhea. This study demonstrated that 1) in addition to C. jejuni and C. coli, multiple non-thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (i.e. C. hyointestinalis, C. fetus, and C. concisus) were frequently detected in the children’s stools and 2) the Campylobacter, gut permeability, gut inflammation, EED severity, and diarrhea were associated with characteristic microbiome composition. Additional spatial and longitudinal studies are needed to identify environmental reservoirs and sources of infection of children with disparate Campylobacter species and to better define their associations with EED in low-income countries.