The Red Supergiant Progenitor of Type II Supernova 2024ggi
Danfeng Xiang, Jun Mo, Xiaofeng Wang, Lingzhi Wang, Jujia Zhang, Han Lin, Liyang Chen, Cui-Ying Song, Liang-Duan Liu, Zhenyu Wang, Gaici Li
Abstract
Abstract We present a detailed analysis of the progenitor and its local environment for the recently discovered Type II supernova (SN) 2024ggi at a distance of about 6.7 Mpc, by utilizing the pre-explosion images from the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope. The progenitor is identified as a red bright variable star, with absolute F814W-band magnitudes being −6.2 mag in 1995 to −7.2 mag in 2003, respectively, consistent with that of a normal red supergiant star. Combining with the historical mid-infrared light curves, a pulsational period of about 379 days can be inferred for the progenitor star. Fitting its spectral energy distribution with stellar spectral models yields the stellar parameters of temperature, radius, and bolometric luminosity as <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3290</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>27</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>19</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> K, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>887</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>51</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>60</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> R ⊙ , and log( L / L ⊙ ) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.92</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.04</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , respectively. The above parameters indicate that the progenitor of SN 2024ggi is consistent with the stellar evolutionary track of a solar-metallicity massive star with an initial mass of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> M ⊙ . Moreover, our analysis indicates a relatively low mass-loss rate (i.e., <3 × 10 −6 M ⊙ yr −1 ) for the progenitor compared to that inferred from flash spectroscopy and X-ray detection (i.e., 10 −2 –10 −5 M ⊙ yr −1 ), implying a significant enhancement in mass loss within a few years prior to the explosion.