The impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements and body composition: Evidence from LORANS study and a meta-analysis
Rami Al‐Jafar, Nisa Sri Wahyuni, Karim Belhaj, Mohammad Hamed Ersi, Zahra Boroghani, Amer Alreshidi, Zahra Alkhalaf, Paul Elliott, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Abbas Dehghan
Abstract
Background Although the effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on anthropometry and body composition has been questioned, none of the previous studies tried to explain the reported changes in these parameters. Also, systematic reviews that investigated the topic were limited to healthy individuals or a specific disease group. Methods The London Ramadan Study (LORANS) is an observational study on health effects of RIF. We measured weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat percentage (FP), free-fat mass (FFM), extremities predicted muscle mass, total body water (TBW), trunk FM, trunk FFM and trunk predicted muscle mass before and immediately after Ramadan. Using mixed-effects regression models, we investigated the effect of RIF with adjustment for potential confounders. We also conducted a meta-analysis of the results of LORANS with other studies that investigated the effect of RIF on anthropometry and body composition. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO registry (CRD42020186532). Results We recruited 146 participants (Mean ± SD age = 43.3 ± 15 years). Immediately after Ramadan, compared with before Ramadan, the mean difference was−1.6 kg ( P <0.01) in weight,−1.95cm ( P <0.01) in WC,−2.86cm ( P <0.01) in HC, −0.60 kg/m 2 ( P < 0.01) in BMI and −1.24 kg ( P < 0.01) in FM. In the systematic review and meta-analysis, after screening 2,150 titles and abstracts, 66 studies comprising 7,611 participants were included. In the general population, RIF was followed by a reduction of 1.12 Kg in body weight (−1.89– −0.36, I 2 = 0), 0.74 kg/m 2 reduction in BMI (−0.96– −0.53, I 2 = 0), 1.54cm reduction in WC (−2.37– −0.71, I 2 = 0) and 1.76cm reduction in HC (−2.69– −0.83, I 2 = 0). The effect of fasting on anthropometric and body composition parameters starts to manifest in the second week of Ramadan and starts to diminish 3 weeks after Ramadan. Conclusion RIF is associated with a reduction in body weight, BMI, WC, HC, FM, FP and TBW. Most of these reductions are partially attributed to reduced FM and TBW. The reductions in these parameters appear to reverse after Ramadan.