Biomedical waste amid COVID-19: perspectives from Bangladesh

Abstract

Biomedical waste is a threat to global public environmental health, especially in the lower-middle-income countries such as Bangladesh. Worldwide, it is estimated that at least 5·2 million people, including 4 million children, die each year because of diseases related to unmanaged medical waste.1The Daily StarPoor medical waste management will increase infections.https://www.thedailystar.net/editorial/news/poor-medical-waste-management-will-increase-infections-1909561Date: June 6, 2020Date accessed: July 22, 2020Google Scholar Considering the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) globally, excessive biomedical waste has become a new major threat to public health and the environment. Improper handling of hospital waste might aggravate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to medical staff and people who handle waste.2Yu H Sun X Solvang WD Zhao X Reverse logistics network design for effective management of medical waste in epidemic outbreaks: insights from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan (China).Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 171770Google Scholar Bangladesh was already struggling with poor medical waste management before the COVID-19 pandemic and has now been hit hard by a sudden increase in the volume of medical waste. In Bangladesh, there are around 654 government hospitals and 5055 private hospitals and clinics with 141 903 beds in total, along with an additional 9061 diagnostic centre beds, all of which lead to the generation of huge amounts of biomedical waste. The average medical waste generation rate is 1·63–1·99 kg per bed per day in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.3Rahman KA Survey on quantitative and qualitative assessment of medical waste generation and management in Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation. PRISM Bangladesh.http://pbf.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Survey-on-Quantitative-qualitative-assessment-ofmedical-waste-generation-and-managemant-in-DNCC-DSCC.pdfDate: 2013Date accessed: July 22, 2020Google Scholar In April 2020, at least 14 500 tonnes of waste from health care was generated across the country because of COVID-19,4Al Amin M World environment day: medical waste prolonging COVID-19, threatening biodiversity. Dhaka Tribune, June 4, 2020https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/environment/2020/06/04/world-environment-day-friday-medical-waste-prolonging-covid-19-and-threatening-biodiversityDate accessed: July 22, 2020Google Scholar which has undoubtedly increased due to the increasing infection rate. Also, on average, 206 tonnes of medical waste are produced because of COVID-19 per day in Dhaka alone.5The Business Standard Report. 206·2 tonnes of COVID-19 wastes produced in Dhaka a day: study. The Business Standard, July 5, 2020https://tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/206218-tonnes-covid-19-wastes-produced-dhaka-day-studyDate accessed: July 22, 2020Google Scholar This poorly managed waste poses a large environmental threat and might create a prolonged and unwanted public health hazard and be a potential source of re-emerging infection. In Bangladesh, despite the introduction of the Medical Waste Management and Processing Rules in 2008, no safe system has yet been developed to manage the health-care waste generated daily in hospitals, clinics, and households. Waste generated inside Bangladeshi hospitals is often collected without any separation by untrained, unprotected, and unaware cleaners, and disposed of in unauthorised places without any separation or proper treatment.6Syed EH Mutahara M Rahman M Medical waste management (MWM) in Dhaka, Bangladesh: it's a review.Home Health Care Manage Pract. 2012; 24: 140-145Google Scholar Approximately 40 000 informal waste collectors working across the country are at high risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 because they work without adequate protection.7Al Amin M COVID-19: 14,500 tons waste generated, waste collector halved in a month. Dhaka Tribune, May 10, 2020https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/05/10/covid-19-14-500-tons-waste-generated-waste-collector-halved-in-a-monthDate accessed: July 22, 2020Google Scholar There might be a serious risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 if used masks, gloves, and other personal protective equipment are not managed and disposed of properly. Additionally, household waste (eg, tissues, masks, gloves) puts waste management workers at increased health risk. In Bangladesh, hospital waste is mainly managed by city corporations, third-party organisations, and non-governmental organisations. However, the capacities of these stakeholders do not comply with the requirements of a proper, environmentally safe medical waste disposal mechanism. A policy-level paradigm shift into a strategic, state-of-the-art medical waste management system is required. Failing to tackle the huge surge in medical waste amid COVID-19 is likely to put Bangladesh at further environmental and public health risk. We declare no competing interests. A Bangla translation of this Correspondence is available in the appendix. We thank Ismail Hosen, Firoj Al Mamun, and Mehedee Hasan, Research Fellows at the Undergraduate Research Organisation (Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh), for their assistance with the Bangla translation. Download .pdf (.19 MB) Help with pdf files For the Bangla translation see appendix

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