Large scale enzyme based xenobiotic identification for exposomics
Ken Liu, Choon M. Lee, Grant Singer, Preeti Bais, F Castellanos, Michael H. Woodworth, Thomas R. Ziegler, Colleen S. Kraft, Gary W. Miller, Shuzhao Li, Young‐Mi Go, Edward T. Morgan, Dean P. Jones
Abstract
Advances in genomics have revealed many of the genetic underpinnings of human disease, but exposomics methods are currently inadequate to obtain a similar level of understanding of environmental contributions to human disease. Exposomics methods are limited by low abundance of xenobiotic metabolites and lack of authentic standards, which precludes identification using solely mass spectrometry-based criteria. Here, we develop and validate a method for enzymatic generation of xenobiotic metabolites for use with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for chemical identification. Generated xenobiotic metabolites were used to confirm identities of respective metabolites in mice and human samples based upon accurate mass, retention time and co-occurrence with related xenobiotic metabolites. The results establish a generally applicable enzyme-based identification (EBI) for mass spectrometry identification of xenobiotic metabolites and could complement existing criteria for chemical identification.