Levulinic Acid Production from Waste Corncob Biomass Using an Environmentally Benign WO<sub>3</sub>-Grafted ZnCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@CeO<sub>2</sub> Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalyst
Fouzia Perveen, Muhammad Farooq, Anita Ramli, Abdul Naeem, Ihtisham Wali Khan, Tooba Saeed, Jehangeer Khan
Abstract
exhibited the best catalytic activity, providing a maximum levulinic acid yield of 78.49% at the optimal conditions of 6 wt % catalyst dosage, reaction temperature of 180 °C, and reaction time of 200 min. The presence of an optimum number of both acid and base active sites on the catalyst surface could lead to the highest catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst. Finally, the reusability investigation indicated that the synthesized catalyst possessed sufficient recyclability of up to four times for the levulinic acid production from the selected biomass with negligible drop in the catalytic activity.
Topics & Concepts
Levulinic acidCorncobCatalysisBifunctionalBiomass (ecology)Yield (engineering)Materials scienceChemical engineeringChemistryNuclear chemistryOrganic chemistryRaw materialMetallurgyGeologyEngineeringOceanographyCatalysis for Biomass ConversionSupercapacitor Materials and FabricationMesoporous Materials and Catalysis