Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review
Xuan Zhang, Lu Yang, Hao Zhang, Wanli Xing, Yan Wang, Pengchu Bai, Lulu Zhang, Kazuichi Hayakawa, Akira Toriba, Yongjie Wei, Ning Tang
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of important organic pollutants widely emitted from anthropogenic activities, with a general distribution in the gas and particulate phases. Some PAHs are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. Inhalation exposure to PAHs is correlated with adverse health outcomes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Thus, it is significant to determine the exposure level of the general population. This study summarizes the evaluation methods for PAH exposure, focusing on different exposure parameters. External exposure can be determined via the collection of the environmental pollution concentration through active samplers or passive samplers during environmental monitoring or personal sampling. Time-activity patterns give critical exposure information that captures the exposure period, origin, and behaviors. Modeling is a labor-less approach for human exposure estimation, and microenvironmental exposure requires specific research. It is important to select appropriate methods to quantify the exposure level to provide accurate data to establish the exposure-risk relationship and make scientific suggestions for the protection of public health.