Blood and Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers Profile in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review
Lisandra Taísa Reginaldo Tavares, Mariana Saavedra-Silva, Joaquín Francisco López-Marcos, Nélio Veiga, Rogério M. Castilho, Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory disease worldwide. Its inflammatory levels spread systemically, which can be associated with chronic kidney disease. Biomarkers have the potential to diagnose and correlate periodontitis and chronic kidney disease, helping to monitor systemic inflammation. Thereby, this study aimed to analyze the association between chronic kidney disease and periodontitis by conducting a biomarker analysis on blood and saliva. Material and methods: An electronic search through PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify clinical studies published in the last ten years, with no language restrictions. Twelve articles met all the inclusion criteria, two randomized controlled trials, one cohort study, and nine observational studies. Results: The studies included a total of 117 patients for saliva biomarkers, with a mean age of approximately 57 years old, and 56.68% of the subjects were female. After analyzing all the included studies, it was possible to verify the following biomarkers assessed: CRP, WBC, fibrinogen, IL-4 and -6, cardiac troponin T, NOx, ADMA, albumin, osteocalcin, cystatin C, PGLYRP1, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and hemoglobin. Conclusion: A direct cause–effect association between periodontitis and CKD could not be established. However, it was possible to conclude that there was a correlating effect present, through the analyzed biomarkers.