Anticancer Effect of Troxerutin in Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell A549 and Inhibition of Tumor Formation in BALB/c Nude Mice
Junlong Yu, Xiaohan Huang, Min Cao, Ling Qian, Lili Shao, Arunachalam Chinnathambi, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Jinni Jian
Abstract
This study is intended to explore the anticancer, antiproliferative, and chemopreventive action of troxerutin (TX) in human non-small-cell lung cancer cell (A549) using BALB/c nude mice. 2 × 106 A549 cells were subcutaneously injected into mice, along with 10 μM and 20 μM/kg body weight of TX orally for 19 days. On the last day, tumor weight and volume were assessed. Stress marker enzymes such as Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 5'Nucleotidase (5'ND), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) were estimated in the lung tissues. Cytotoxicity of TX was assessed using MTT assay. Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and inflammatory cytokines were also analyzed. Histopathological examination of tissue sections and immunohistochemical examination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were also performed. mRNA expression of p53, p21, cyclin D1, P13k, Akt, and mTOR were analyzed using RT-PCR. TX administered orally in a dose-dependent manner markedly reverted the level of stress marker enzymes to a significant extent. TX also exhibited significant protection against lung cancer cells, as evidenced by cytotoxicity assay and histopathological studies. It was also found to reduce the expression of PCNA, cyclin D1, P13k, Akt, and mTOR, but increase the expression of p53 and p21. TX has also been shown to reduce cancer cell inflammation, as was evidenced by reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines. Thus TX could be used as an effective chemopreventive and anticancer agent in treating cancer.