Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Stefania De Lorenzo, Francesco Tovoli, Franco Trevisani
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. This review describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance and reports the ongoing therapeutic strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Topics & Concepts
Hepatocellular carcinomaMedicineDiseaseOncologyPrimary (astronomy)Immune systemCancerImmune checkpointCancer researchInternal medicineImmunologyImmunotherapyPhysicsAstronomyCancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersHepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and PrognosisFerroptosis and cancer prognosis