Barriers to the Implementation of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Results From a Nationwide Survey of ECT Practitioners
Samuel T. Wilkinson, Brandon M. Kitay, Annie Harper, Taeho Greg Rhee, Kyaw Sint, Ahana Ghosh, Mayra Ortiz Lopez, Sabina Saenz, Jack Tsai
Abstract
Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder; yet, its use is confined to <1% of individuals with this disorder. The authors aimed to examine barriers to ECT from the perspective of the provider. Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with U.S.-based ECT providers to identify potential barriers. A quantitative survey was created asking providers to rank-order barriers to starting a new ECT service or expanding existing services. Results: Survey responses were received from 192 physicians. Respondents were representative of all ECT providers found in the Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Database with respect to gender and geographic distribution. Approximately one-third (N=58, 30%) of survey respondents graduated from one of 12 residency programs. Programs with dedicated hospital space were more likely to have larger services than those borrowing surgical recovery space (χ2=25.87, df=1, p<0.001). The most prominent provider-reported barriers to expanding an existing ECT service were lack of physical space, stigma on the part of patients, and transportation difficulties. The most prominent barriers to initiating a new service were lack of well-trained colleagues and ECT practitioners, lack of a champion within the institution, and lack of physical space. Wide geographic variation was found in the availability of ECT, with the highest concentration of ECT providers per 1 million individuals found in New England (6.4), and the lowest found in the West South Central (1.1). Conclusions: Coordinated efforts to overcome identified barriers may allow ECT to be more broadly implemented. Investments in education may increase the number of competent practitioners.