Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Fruit Phenolic Bioactivities—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Human Studies
Pirjo Pärnänen, Sari Niikko, Hanna Lähteenmäki, Ismo T. Räisänen, Taina Tervahartiala, Timo Sorsa, Annamari Ranki
Abstract
L.) fruit phenolic compounds in human in vitro cells and in vivo clinical studies. Studies with lingonberries, lingonberry juice/lingonberry nectar/fermented lingonberry juice, and phenolic fractions with active molecules are reviewed. Lingonberry's bioactive substances have a diverse range of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproteolytic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Fermentation of lingonberries and modulation of the dysbiotic microbiome to a more symbiotic composition by favoring the growth of lactobacilli and inhibiting the growth of human opportunistic pathogens are discussed. Research results suggest that more studies on humans are needed.