Women in Selected Communities of Punjab, India Have a High Prevalence of Iron, Zinc, Vitamin B12, and Folate Deficiencies: Implications for a Multiply-Fortified Salt Intervention
Yvonne E Goh, Mari S. Manger, Mona Duggal, Reena Das, Shipra Saklani, Surbhi Agarwal, Deepmala Budhija, Manu Jamwal, Bidhi L Singh, Neha Dahiya, Hanqi Luo, Julie M. Long, Jamie Westcott, Nancy F. Krebs, Rosalind S. Gibson, Kenneth H. Brown, Christine M. McDonald
Abstract
Dietary intake and biomarkers of micronutrient status of 100 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (NPWRA) were assessed to determine optimal levels of iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folic acid to include in multiply-fortified salt (MFS) that will be evaluated in an upcoming trial. Weighed food records were obtained from participants to measure intake of micronutrients and discretionary salt, and to assess adequacy using Indian Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Statistical modeling was used to determine optimal fortification levels to reduce inadequate micronutrient intake while limiting intake above the upper limit. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and folate status. In usual diets, inadequate intake of iron (46%), zinc (95%), vitamin B12 (83%), and folate (36%) was high. Mean intake of discretionary salt was 4.7 g/day. Prevalence estimates of anemia (37%), iron deficiency (67%), zinc deficiency (34%), vitamin B12 insufficiency (37%), and folate insufficiency (70%) were also high. Simulating the addition of optimized MFS to usual diets resulted in percentage point (pp) reductions in inadequate intake by 29 pp for iron, 76 pp for zinc, 81 pp for vitamin B12, and 36 pp for folate. MFS holds potential to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in this setting.