Developments in solar-driven desalination: Technologies, photovoltaic integration, and processes
Mohamed El-Sayed M. Essa, Hemdan S. El-sayed, E. E. El-Kholy, Mohammed Amer, Mahmoud Elsisi, Uzair Sajjad, Khalid Hamid, Hilmy Awad
Abstract
The growing global demand for fresh water, coupled with the environmental impact of conventional desalination technologies, underscores the urgent need for more sustainable, energy-efficient solutions. This review provides an updated and comprehensive analysis of solar-driven desalination systems, focusing on the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and thermal (T) technologies (PV/T). It presents recent advancements in both direct and indirect solar desalination methods, highlighting how PV/T integration can enhance energy efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and improve system scalability. The paper also explores cutting-edge optimization techniques and rule-based control algorithms that significantly enhance operational performance. Compared to previous reviews, this paper offers a more detailed examination of emerging trends and addresses gaps in current research, particularly in the integration of PV/T systems. By synthesizing the latest technological developments, this review provides critical insights into the future of solar desalination, offering a clear path forward for sustainable water production and addressing global water scarcity.