High-Performance Digital Multiloop Control of LLC Resonant Converters for EV Fast Charging With LUT-Based Feedforward and Adaptive Gain
Davide Cittanti, Matteo Gregorio, Enrico Vico, Fabio Mandrile, Eric Armando, Radu Bojoi
Abstract
The <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> resonant converter is typically adopted in battery charging applications due to its excellent performance in terms of efficiency, power density, and wide input/output voltage regulation. However, this converter is a complex high-order system characterized by a strong nonlinear behavior, featuring large variations of the small-signal gain/phase and pole location depending on the operating point. Consequently, these features pose substantial challenges in designing a closed-loop controller and providing constant dynamical performance over a wide operating range. Therefore, this article proposes a digital multiloop control strategy for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> resonant converters ensuring constant closed-loop bandwidth and excellent disturbance rejection performance across the complete converter operating region. The control scheme consists of two cascaded voltage and current loops. To design and tune these controllers, a simplified <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> dual first-order small-signal model is proposed. The system nonlinear behavior affecting the current control loop is counteracted by a real-time controller gain adaptation process, which ensures constant control bandwidth. In particular, the adaptive gain values are provided by a static switching frequency lookup table obtained experimentally. Moreover, the steady-state switching frequency value is fed forward at the output of the current loop regulator, providing a further dynamical performance enhancement. The proposed control strategy and the controller design procedure are verified both in simulation and experimentally on a 15-kW <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LLC</i> converter prototype. The results demonstrate the superior reference tracking and disturbance rejection performance of the proposed control strategy with respect to a state-of-the-art solution based on a proportional–integral regulator.