The Immunomodulatory Effects of A2 β-Casein on Immunosuppressed Mice by Regulating Immune Responses and the Gut Microbiota
Xiao Li, Xingru Lu, Ming Liu, Yu Zhang, Yujun Jiang, Xinyan Yang, Chaoxin Man
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of A2 β-casein (β-CN) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Experiments conducted in vitro revealed that A2 β-CN digestive products have potent immunostimulatory activities. Animal studies demonstrated that A2 β-CN improved the immunological organ index reduction trend caused by cyclophosphamide, reduced the pathological damage to the spleen tissue in immunosuppressed mice, increased the release of IL-17A, IgG, and IgA, and reduced the production of IL-4. By regulating the relative abundance of advantageous bacteria like Oscillospira, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacteria and harmful bacteria like Coprococcus and Desulfovibrionaceae, A2 β-CN improved gut microbiota disorders in immunosuppressed mice. Moreover, A2 β-CN promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and increased the diversity of the gut microbiota. Therefore, ingestion of A2 β-CN is beneficial to the host’s immune system and gut health. These findings provide insights for the future application of A2 β-CN-related dairy products.