Association of climate variability modes with concurrent droughts and heatwaves in India
Ruhhee Tabbussum, Rajarshi Das Bhowmik, P. P. Mujumdar
Abstract
• Concurrent heatwaves and droughts (CDHW) during summer are common in India; however, an early warning system for CDHW is absent. • Composite analysis and wavelets confirm that the climate variability modes are influencing univariate extremes of droughts and heatwaves. • A novel attribution table is employed to estimate the conditional probability of concurrent events given the onset of climate variability modes. • Concurrent drought and heatwave occurrences are observed to be likely when preceded by El Niño. The natural variability in the occurrence of concurrent extremes of droughts and heatwaves is frequently attributed to climate change and anthropogenic causes, disregarding its association with large-scale global teleconnections. This study explores this association by demonstrating how concurrent droughts and heatwaves (CDHW) in India are temporally and spatially connected to multiple global teleconnections (referred to as climate variability modes). Composite and wavelet coherence analyses are implemented for the univariate evaluation of droughts and heatwaves—measured using the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized heat index (SHI), respectively—in relation to the climate variability modes. Furthermore, an attribution table framework is employed to examine the extremal dependence of concurrent heatwaves and droughts in India on the climate variability modes during 1951–2018. The results exhibit a higher probability of CDHW events when they are preceded by a large-scale global teleconnection. Overall, the insights drawn from this study suggest the possibility of relying on the climate variability modes to issue season-ahead forecasts of CDHW.