Interaction mechanism of global multiple ocean-atmosphere coupled modes and their impacts on South and East Asian Monsoon: A review
Guiping Li, Zhongbo Yu, Yanping Li, Chuanguo Yang, Huanghe Gu, Jingwen Zhang, Ya Huang
Abstract
Interactions among different large-scale ocean-atmosphere coupled modes are exceptionally complex. Diverse scale modes interact through oceanic circulations, ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes, and atmospheric bridges, thus affecting both the global weather system and long-term climate changes. This paper presents a review of the interaction mechanisms among six ocean-atmosphere coupled modes (ENSO, PDO, IOD, AO, NAO, and AMO) and their impacts on the South and East Asian Monsoon. Identifying the changes in the dynamics and energy budgets caused by the spatial structure evolution and amplitude change of various ocean-atmosphere coupled modes can yield a better understanding of their forcing effects on climate change. These effects are not only restricted to surrounding regions, but also significant interaction is found between the distant equator and the polar region. Interactions between various ocean-atmosphere coupled modes occur through Rossby wave activity, westerly airflow, cyclone circulation, and pressure gradients. However, because of the complexity of the relationship between multiple factors, it remains difficult to clarify the driving mechanism of each coupled mode change. More importantly, predictions based on long-term observation data are still a weak link in climate change research. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction among the six ocean-atmosphere coupled modes, thus uncovering their impacts on South and East Asian Monsoon from a global perspective.