To Fluorinate or Not to Fluorinate in Organic Solar Cells: Achieving a Higher PCE of 15.2% when the Donor Polymer is Halogen‐Free
Jianglin Wu, Chuang‐Yi Liao, Yao Chen, Robert M. Jacobberger, Wei Huang, Ding Zheng, Kuen‐Wei Tsai, Wei‐Long Li, Zhiyun Lu, Yan Huang, Michael R. Wasielewski, Yi‐Ming Chang, Tobin J. Marks, Antonio Facchetti
Abstract
Abstract Fluorination of the donor and/or acceptor blocks of photoactive semiconducting polymers is a leading strategy to enhance organic solar cell (OSC) performance. Here, the effects are investigated in OSCs using fluorine‐free ( TPD‐3 ) and fluorinated ( TPD‐3F ) donor polymers, paired with the nonfullerene acceptor Y6. Interestingly and unexpectedly, fluorination negatively affects performance, and fluorine‐free TPD‐3 :Y6 OSCs exhibit a far higher power conversion efficiency (PCE = 14.5%) than in the fluorine‐containing TPD‐3F :Y6 blends (PCE = 11.5%). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the TPD‐3F :Y6 blends have larger phase domain sizes than TPD‐3 :Y6, which reduces exciton dissociation efficiency to 81% for TPD‐3F :Y6 versus 93% for TPD‐3 :Y6. Additionally, grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) reveals that the TPD‐3F :Y6 blends are less textured than those of TPD‐3 :Y6, while space‐charge limited currents reveal lower and unbalanced hole/electron mobility in TPD‐3F :Y6 versus TPD‐3 :Y6 blends. Charge recombination dynamic, transient absorption, and donor–acceptor miscibility assays additionally support this picture. Furthermore, conventional architecture TPD‐3 :Y6 OSCs deliver a PCE of 15.2%, among the highest to date for halogen‐free polymer donor OSCs. Finally, a large‐area (20.4 cm 2 ) TPD‐3 :Y6 blend module exhibits an outstanding PCE of 9.31%, one of the highest to date for modules of area >20 cm 2 .