Structure-Guided Engineering of Carbonyl Reductase <i>Lb</i>CR to Simultaneously Enhance Catalytic Activity and Thermostability toward Bulky Ketones

Abstract

( S )-2-Chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethanol (( S )-TCPE) is an important building block for the synthesis of antifungal drug luliconazole. Herein, a carbonyl reductase (CR) from Levilactobacillus brevis ( Lb CR) was identified for synthesis of ( S )-TCPE. Through comprehensive Ala scanning and site-saturated mutagenesis (SSM) targeting the residues surrounding the substrate-binding pocket, the “best” variant Lb CR M4 (N96V/E145A/A202L/M206A) was developed, which displays a 26.0-fold increase in catalytic activity, 83.5-fold enhancement in half-life ( t 1/2 ) at 40 °C (101.4 h), excellent enantioselectivity (>99.9% e.e. ), and broad substrate scope. Compared to the wild-type (WT) Lb CR, catalytic efficiency ( k cat / K M ) of Lb CR M4 was increased by 28.0 folds. Furthermore, a high concentration of TCAP (400 g/L) can be transformed (99.9% conversion) within 7 h by using Lb CR M4 and an isopropanol/alcohol dehydrogenase/NADPH cofactor regeneration system, giving ( S )-TCPE in >99.9% e.e ., which is the highest recorded space–time yield (STY, 1288.9 g/L/day) to date. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic cross-correlation matrix analysis elucidated the substantial catalytic performance improvement of Lb CR M4 . Together, the development of Lb CR M4 not only overcomes the trade-offs between catalytic activity and thermostability but also affords an efficient biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of ( S )-TCPE featuring a record STY, laying a solid foundation for industrial manufacturing of luliconazole and other active pharmaceutical intermediates.

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