Exploring the dual impact of nanoparticles on human well-being: A comprehensive review of risks and benefits
Arumugam Vignesh, Chinnasamy Menaka, Thomas Cheeran Amal, Subramaniam Selvakumar, Krishnan Vasanth
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in different application in diverse fields ranging from medicine, electronics, environmental remediation, and consumer products. However, despite extensive research, significant gaps persist in understanding their toxicity in humans. Where mechanisms of toxicity and evaluation models are essential for assessing the potential risks posed by nanoparticles. This review focus on the applications of NPs in drug delivery systems, imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. This review highlights the interactions of NPs with biological systems, including cellular uptake mechanisms coupled with systematic analyses of airborne particulate matter (PM), particularly PM 2.5 and PM 0.1. Moreover, the increasing use of engineered NPs are broadening accessibility, which makes environmental release and toxicity to organisms. The extent to which toxicity profiles of NPs are based on its size, shape, and surface chemistry. Although several mitigation strategies and regulatory frameworks are being carried out to evaluate the risk assessment of NPs in the environment. Future directions in NP research are outlined, including the development of multifunctional and smart NPs, biodegradable formulations, and advanced imaging techniques. Overall, this review comprehensively summarizes and interprets the impact of NPs on biological systems. By advancing our knowledge of NPs and implementing effective mitigation strategies and regulatory frameworks, we can ensure their safe and responsible use in addressing societal challenges and improving human health and well-being.