Prevalence of hypertension and high-normal blood pressure among young adults in Zimbabwe: findings from a large, cross-sectional population-based survey
Kalpana Sabapathy, Fredrick Cyprian Mwita, Ethel Dauya, Tsitsi Bandason, Victoria Simms, Chido Dziva Chikwari, Aoife M. Doyle, David A. Ross, Anoop Shah, Richard Hayes, Aletta E. Schutte, Katharina Kranzer, Rashida A. Ferrand
Abstract
Background Hypertension is the greatest driver of cardiovascular mortality and onset might be in youth. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for elevated blood pressure (hypertension ≥140 mm Hg systolic, ≥90 mm Hg diastolic, or both) and high-normal blood pressure (130–139 mm Hg systolic, 85–89 mm Hg diastolic, or both) among youth in Zimbabwe. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional survey of randomly sampled youth aged 18–24 years from 24 urban and peri-urban communities in three provinces (Harare, Bulawayo, and Mashonaland East) in Zimbabwe was conducted between Oct 4, 2021, and June 2, 2022. Standardised questionnaires were used by research assistants to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, and clinical data. Height, bodyweight, and blood pressure were recorded. Three seated blood pressure measurements were taken at standardised timepoints during participant interview using a digital sphygmomanometer and cuffs sized on mid-upper arm circumference. The association of potential risk factors with elevated blood pressure was examined using multivariable logistic regression. Findings 17 682 (94·4%) of 18 729 eligible participants were recruited, 17 637 (99·7%) of whom had complete data, and 16 883 (95·7%) of whom were included in the final study sample after excluding 754 (4·3%) pregnant women. The median age was 20 years (IQR 19–22), 9973 (59·1%) participants were female, and 6910 (40·9%) were male. The prevalence of hypertension was 7·4% (95% CI 7·0–7·8) and high-normal blood pressure was 12·2% (11·7–12·7). Overall, prevalence of hypertension was higher in men (8·7% [95% CI 8·2–9·6]) than in women (6·6% [6·0–6·9]), but with age increased to similar levels (at age 18 years 7·3% [6·2–8·6] and 4·3% [3·5–5·2]; at age 23–24 years 10·9% [9·3–12·6] and 9·5% [8·4–10·7] in men and women, respectively). After adjusting for factors associated with hypertension in the crude analysis, hypertension was associated with male sex (adjusted odds ratio 1·53 [95% CI 1·36–1·74]), increasing age (age 19–20 years 1·20 [1·00–1·44]; age 21–22 years 1·45 [1·20–1·75]; age 23–24 years 1·90 [1·57–2·30], vs age 18 years), and BMI of 30·0 kg/m 2 or more (1·94 [1·53–2·47] vs 18·5–24·9 kg/m 2 ). A BMI of 18·5 kg/m 2 or less (0·79 [0·63–0·98] vs 18·5–24·9 kg/m 2 ) and living with HIV (0·71 [0·55–0·92]) were associated with lower odds of hypertension. Interpretation Prevalence of elevated blood pressure is high among urban and peri-urban youth in Zimbabwe and increases rapidly with age. Further research is needed to understand drivers of blood pressure elevation and the extent of target organ damage in youth in Zimbabwe and similar sub-Saharan African settings, to guide implementation of prevention and management strategies. Funding Wellcome Trust.