Supernovae at distances <40 Mpc
Xiaoran Ma, Xiaofeng Wang, Jun Mo, D. A. Howell, C. Pellegrino, Jujia Zhang, Shengyu Yan, Iair Arcavi, Zhihao Chen, Joseph Farah, Estefania Padilla Gonzalez, Fangzhou Guo, D. Hiramatsu, Gaici Li, Han Lin, Jialian Liu, C. McCully, Megan Newsome, Hanna Sai, G. Terreran, Danfeng Xiang, Xinhan Zhang, Tianmeng Zhang
Abstract
Context . This is the first paper in a series aiming to determine the fractions and birth rates of various types of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe. Aims . In this paper, we aim to construct a complete sample of SNe in the nearby Universe and provide more precise measurements of subtype fractions. Methods . We carefully selected our SN sample at a distance of less than 40 Mpc mainly from wide-field surveys conducted over the years from 2016 to 2023. Results . The sample contains a total of 211 SNe, including 109 SNe II, 69 SNe Ia, and 33 SNe Ibc. With the aid of sufficient spectra, we obtained relatively accurate subtype classifications for all SNe in this sample. After corrections for the Malmquist bias, this volumelimited sample yielded fractions of SNe Ia, SNe Ibc, and SNe II of 30.4 −11.5 +3.7 %, 16.3 −7.4 +3.7 %, and 53.3 −18.7 +9.5 %, respectively. In the SN Ia sample, the fraction of the 91T-like subtype becomes relatively low (~5.4%), while that of the 02cx-like subtype shows a moderate increase (~6.8%). In the SN Ibc sample, we find significant fractions of broadlined SNe Ic (~18.0%) and SNe Ibn (~8.8%). The fraction of the 87A-like subtype was determined to be ~2.3%, indicating rare explosions from blue supergiant stars. We find that SNe Ia show a double peak number distribution in S0- and Sc-type host galaxies, which may serve as straightforward evidence for the presence of “prompt” and “delayed” progenitor components that give rise to SN Ia explosions. Several subtypes of SNe such as 02cx-like SNe Ia, broadlined SNe Ic, and SNe IIn (and perhaps SNe Ibn) are found to occur preferentially in less massive spiral galaxies (i.e., with stellar mass <0.5×10 10 M ʘ ), thus favoring their associations with young stellar progenitors. Moreover, the 02cx-like subtype shows a trend of exploding in the outer skirt of their hosts, which is suggestive of metal-poor progenitors.