Residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections: An overview of influences and measurement techniques
Ayad Mutafi, J.M. Irwan, Noorfaizal Yidris, Abdullah Faisal Alshalif, Yazid Saif, Hamdi Abdulrahman, Ala Abdullah Mutaafi, Yasser Yahya Al-Ashmori, Mugahed Amran, Nelson Maureira-Carsalade, Siva Avudaiappan
Abstract
• Residual stresses play a crucial role in cold-formed steel sections, affecting the material's durability, fatigue life, and load-bearing capacity. • The paper reviews various methods for measuring techniques. Each method has its advantages and limitations depending on the application. • The study compares roll-forming and press-braking techniques, highlighting that roll-forming produces more uniform and less severe residual stresses while press-braking leads to localized and complex stress distributions. • Finite element analysis (FEA) has become a valuable tool for predicting residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections, but validation with experimental data remains essential for ensuring accuracy. • The manuscript identifies several challenges, including the lack of comprehensive data on residual stresses in high-strength and thick-walled sections. Cold-formed steel (CFS) members offer significant advantages over hot-rolled sections, primarily due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility in forming various cross-sectional shapes. These attributes make CFS an efficient choice for design and construction. This paper reviews current design methods for CFS, focusing on the impact of initial imperfections. It also examines various techniques for measuring residual stress in CFS sections, including analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. The study concludes that while analytical methods are effective, they become complex when accounting for material anisotropy. Laboratory techniques provide reliable measurements but are limited in detecting through-thickness residual stresses. Numerical approaches offer comprehensive insights but require further validation across different material and geometric configurations. The paper highlights the need for advanced analytical models, improved laboratory methods, and expanded numerical techniques to address existing knowledge gaps in residual stress assessment for CFS structures.