Extending the solid solution range of sodium ferric pyrophosphate: Off‐stoichiometric Na<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2.5</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub> as a novel cathode for sodium‐ion batteries
Xiangjun Pu, Kunran Yang, Zibing Pan, Chunhua Song, Yangyang Lai, Renjie Li, Zheng‐Long Xu, Zhongxue Chen, Yuliang Cao
Abstract
Abstract Iron‐based pyrophosphates are attractive cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries due to their large framework, cost‐effectiveness, and high energy density. However, the understanding of the crystal structure is scarce and only a limited candidates have been reported so far. In this work, we found for the first time that a continuous solid solution, Na 4− α Fe 2+ α /2 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 (0 ≤ α ≤ 1, could be obtained by mutual substitution of cations at center‐symmetric Na3 and Na4 sites while keeping the crystal building blocks of anionic P 2 O 7 unchanged. In particular, a novel off‐stoichiometric Na 3 Fe 2.5 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 is thus proposed, and its structure, energy storage mechanism, and electrochemical performance are extensively investigated to unveil the structure–function relationship. The as‐prepared off‐stoichiometric electrode delivers appealing performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 83 mAh g −1 , a working voltage of 2.9 V (vs. Na + /Na), the retention of 89.2% of the initial capacity after 500 cycles, and enhanced rate capability of 51 mAh g −1 at a current density of 1600 mA g −1 . This research shows that sodium ferric pyrophosphate could form extended solid solution composition and promising phase is concealed in the range of Na 4− α Fe 2+ α /2 (P 2 O 7 ) 2 , offering more chances for exploration of new cathode materials for the construction of high‐performance SIBs.