Experimental Operationalizations of Anthropomorphism in HCI Contexts: A Scoping Review
Rebecca Frazer
Abstract
Anthropomorphism of computerized agents, avatars, and technologies has been the focus of a large body of research in human-computer interaction (HCI). Yet, operational definitions of anthropomorphism vary greatly, creating the potential for error when broad theoretical conclusions are drawn from operationalizations lacking in content validity. This scoping review aimed to identify and categorize the range of operationalizations of anthropomorphism in experimental studies of computerized agents, avatars, and technologies, adding needed clarity to a diverse area of inquiry. Using five selection criteria, this review categorized the operationalization(s) of anthropomorphism in 31 experiment-based articles published in academic research journals. Results showed a heavy dominance of manipulations of physical appearance as operationalizations of anthropomorphism, which thretens content validity and raises questions about the understanding of anthropomorphism in HCI.