Infrastructure Challenges Caused by Industrial Transformation to Achieve Greenhouse Gas Neutrality. Ammonia Production in the Antwerp‐Rotterdam‐Rhine‐Ruhr Area
Florian Ausfelder, Floris van de Beek, Rajat Bhardwaj, Frank Graf, F. Meinke-Hubeny, Pieter Lodewijks, Sabrina Alexandra Müller, Monique Rijkers, Diana Perez Sanchez, Johannes Ruf
Abstract
Abstract Several pathways for potentially greenhouse gas neutral production of ammonia have been investigated compared to today's conventional ammonia production at chemical sites in Antwerp, Dormagen, and Geleen. These pathways include on‐site water electrolysis using grid electricity, off‐site production via water electrolysis using renewable electricity and supply of green hydrogen to the site, pyrolysis of natural gas and conventional ammonia production coupled with CO 2 ‐capture on‐site and transport to a storage site. All pathways effectively eliminate scope 1 emissions present in conventional production but continue to emit scope 2 emissions from grid electricity consumption. Eventually, a coordinated industry‐wide and cross‐industry effort is needed to address the transformational changes and develop the common cross‐border infrastructures.