From Less Batteries to Battery-Less Alert Systems with Wide Power Adaptation down to nWs—Toward a Smarter, Greener World
Massimo Alioto
Abstract
This survey reviews the state of the art of IoT devices at the low-energy end of the scale: battery-light and battery-less sensor nodes. They are tiny by necessity but expected to be deployed by the billions in the coming years. The article covers battery technology, energy harvesting, energy management, and system activation and response schemes. Furthermore, it proposes battery indifferent architectures and concludes with informative case studies.
Topics & Concepts
Battery (electricity)Adaptation (eye)Computer scienceEnergy harvestingPower managementInternet of ThingsPower (physics)Energy (signal processing)Scale (ratio)Electrical engineeringEmbedded systemAutomotive engineeringEngineeringPsychologyGeographyCartographyPhysicsNeuroscienceStatisticsQuantum mechanicsMathematicsEnergy Harvesting in Wireless NetworksEnergy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksContext-Aware Activity Recognition Systems