Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Age Related Macular Degeneration: Insights into the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
María Hernández, Lidianys María Lewis Luján, Maria Guadalupe Burboa Zazueta, T. del Castillo-Castro, Enrique de la Vega, J.C. Galvez-Ruiz, Sergio Trujillo‐López, Marco Antonio López‐Torres, Simon Bernard Iloki Assanga
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, characterized by the accumulation of extracellular drusen deposits within the macula. The pathogenesis of AMD is multifactorial, involving oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and genetic predisposition. A key contributor to disease progression is the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and disrupt cellular homeostasis. Additionally, immunosenescence and chronic low-grade inflammation exacerbate AMD pathology, further impairing retinal integrity. Despite ongoing research, effective therapeutic options remain limited, and there is no definitive cure for AMD. This review explores the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying AMD, including the role of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and genetic factors in RPE dysfunction. Furthermore, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways, as well as the emerging role of bioinformatics and artificial intelligence in AMD diagnosis and treatment development. By improving our understanding of AMD pathophysiology, we can advance the search for novel therapeutic interventions and preventative strategies.