Classifying a distinct form of diabetes in lean individuals with a history of undernutrition: an international consensus statement
Pradnyashree Wadivkar, Felix Jebasingh, Nihal Thomas, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Allan Vaag, Davis Kibirige, Silver Bahendeka, Mandeep Bajaj, Michael S Boyne, Charlotte Bavuma, J. Abodo, Sarah H. Wild, Ullas Kolthur‐Seetharam, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Noel Somasundaram, Peter Schwarz, Dirk L. Christensen, Faruque Pathan, Angus G. Jones, Sandeep Kumar Mathur, Sylvia Kehlenbrink, Meredith Hawkins, J. Abodo, Shitaye Alemu, Shajith Anoop, Silver Bahendeka, Mandeep Bajaj, Charlotte Bavuma, Michael S. Boyne, William T. Cefalu, Dirk L. Christensen, Riddhi Dasgupta, Meredith Hawkins, Vandana Jain, Felix Jebasingh, Angus G. Jones, Mini Joseph, Sadishkumar Kamalanathan, Prasad Katulanda, Sylvia Kehlenbrink, Davis Kibirige, Ullas Kolthur-Kamalanathan, Sarah Mathai, Ullas Kolthur-Kamalanathan, Prosenjit Mondal, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Dukhabandhu Naik, Faruque Pathan, David Phillips, Alvin C. Powers, Kaushik Ramaiya, Shahjada Selim, Noel Somasundaram, Peter Schwarz, Mahindra Sonawane, Nihal Thomas, Debbie Thompson, Allan Vaag, Pradnyashree Wadivkar, Allan Vaag, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Sarah H. Wild, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik
Abstract
, age <30 years) individuals with a history suggestive of undernutrition from before birth and throughout childhood has been described in the literature. In 1985, WHO formally classified it as malnutrition-related diabetes, but subsequently removed the classification in 1999 over a disagreement as to whether undernutrition was a sufficient risk factor to cause this type of diabetes. Emerging evidence now strongly supports the distinct classification of this unique diabetes phenotype, which is characterised by substantial impairment of pancreatic insulin secretion, with normal hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, an absence of ketoacidosis, and no islet cell autoantibodies. In this consensus statement, we synthesise this evidence to produce a set of common features of the disease, proposed pathogenetic mechanisms, and suggested management and prevention strategies. During a consensus meeting in Vellore, India, in January, 2025, type 5 diabetes was proposed as the nomenclature for this distinct form of diabetes, subsequently formalised at the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) World Diabetes Congress in April, 2025. We call upon the international diabetes community to recognise this distinct form of the disease, and to support the IDF's Type 5 Diabetes Working Group and its goals to promote more research into its phenotype, pathophysiology, and treatment, which will benefit millions of patients worldwide, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.