<i>Operando</i> Nanomechanical Mapping of Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Electrodes in All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery Configuration during Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation
Ridwan P. Putra, Kyosuke Matsushita, Tsuyoshi Ohnishi, Takuya Masuda
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide An operando bimodal atomic force microscopy system was constructed to perform nanomechanical mapping of an amorphous Si thin film electrode deposited on a Li 6.6 La 3 Zr 1.6 Ta 0.4 O 12 solid electrolyte sheet during electrochemical lithiation/delithiation. The evolution of Young’s modulus maps of the Si electrode was successfully tracked as a function of apparent Li content x in lithium silicide (Li x Si) simultaneously with real-time surface topography observation. At the initial stage of lithiation, the average modulus steeply decreased due to the generation of Li x Si from intrinsic Si, followed by a moderate modulus reduction until the electrode capacity reached 3300 mAh g –1 (Li content x = 3.46). In the following delithiation, the gradual recovery of the average modulus of Li x Si was observed up to 1467 mAh g –1 (Li content x = 1.54) at which delithiation stopped due to the significant volume change induced by phase transformation of Li x Si.