Hemozoin in malaria eradication—from material science, technology to field test
Ashutosh Rathi, Zainab Chowdhry, Anand Kumar Patel, Siming Zuo, Thulya Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil, John A. Adegoke, Hadi Heidari, Bayden R. Wood, Vidya Praveen Bhallamudi, Weng Kung Peng
Abstract
Abstract Malaria continues to be among the most lethal infectious diseases. Immediate barriers include the detection of low-parasitemia levels in asymptomatic individuals, which act as a reservoir for future infections, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains in malaria-endemic, under-resourced regions. The development of technologies for field-deployable devices for early detection and targeted drugs/vaccines is an ongoing challenge. In this respect, the identification of hemozoin during the Plasmodium growth cycle presents a unique opportunity as a biomarker for malaria infection. The last decade has witnessed the development of numerous opto-/magnetic- based ultrasensitive hemozoin sensing technologies with tremendous potential of rapid and accurate malaria diagnosis and drug testing. The unique information in hemozoin formation can also shed light on the development of targeted drugs. Here, we present a comprehensive perspective on state-of-the-art hemozoin-based methodologies for detecting and studying malaria. We discuss the challenges (and opportunities) to expedite the translation of the technology as a point-of-site tool to assist in the global eradication of malaria infection.