The potential role of dietary plant ingredients against mammary cancer: a comprehensive review
Amjad Hussain, Marie‐Lise Bourguet‐Kondracki, Farhad Hussain, Abdur Rauf, Muhammad Ibrahim, Muhammad Khalid, Hidayat Hussain, Javid Hussain, Iftikhar Ali, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Muhammad Noman Khan, Riaz Hussain, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
Abstract
Breast cancer is known as the most devastating cancer in the global female community and is considered as one of the severe health care burdens in both developed and developing countries. In many cases, breast cancer has shown resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. Keeping in view these limitations, there is an urgent need to develop safe, readily available and effective breast anticancer treatments. Therefore, the scientists are keen in the extraction of plant-based phytochemicals (organosulfur compounds, betalains, capsaicinoids, terpenes, terpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids) and using them as breast anticancer agents. Results of numerous epidemiological investigations have revealed the promising role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. The diverse classes of plant bioactive metabolites regulate different metabolic and molecular processes, which can delay the proliferation of cancers. These phytochemicals possess chemo-preventive properties as they down-regulate the expression of estrogen receptor-α, inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and cause cell cycle arrest by inducing apoptotic conditions in tumor cells. This review article discusses the potent role of various plant-based phytochemicals as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment or prevention of breast cancer along with the proposed mechanisms of action.