Green Synthesis of Starch‐Capped CdS Nanoparticles Doped with Copper (II) and Manganese (II): Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Properties
Pilavadi Thangamuniyandi, Karuppiah Nagaraj, Karuppiah Nagaraj, Gunasekaran Velmurugan, Subramaniam Kamalesu, Matar Alshalwi, Khalid M. Alotaibi, Prasenjit Maity, S.M. Abhijith, Flora Shah, Raja Kaliyaperumal, D. Rajaraman
Abstract
Abstract Pure CdS and Cu 2+ /Mn 2+ ‐doped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized using a green capping method via mechanochemical techniques, with starch as the capping agent. Characterization using XRD revealed a cubic phase structure of CdS nanoparticles, evidenced by peaks at 2θ values of 26.30°, 43.80°, and 51.80° corresponding to the (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. SEM‐EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Cd, Cu, Mn, and S elements in the samples. Diffuse reflectance analysis indicated an average crystallite size ranging from 111 nm to 139 nm, accompanied by a band gap energy ranging from 2.25 to 1.95 eV. Raman spectroscopy identified peaks at 366 cm −1 , 482 cm −1 , and 556 cm −1 , attributed to the skeletal modes of the pyranose ring in starch, thus confirming its presence in the starch‐capped CdS nanoparticles.