Пространственная дифференциация сельскохозяйственного производства в России в условиях природного и социального опустынивания
Т.Г. Нефедова
Abstract
The article considers the change of three main factors of spatial transformation of agriculture: natural, institutional-economic, and social. It shows how the results of agriculture historically changed depending on fluctuations in natural conditions, including periodic droughts. To identify relatively prosperous and crisis periods the change in moisture in the 20th and 21st centuries and the indicator of grain production were used. Examples of the catastrophic impact of droughts and adaptation to them in certain regions are given. Any crisis, including natural, highlights the chronic socioeconomic problems of the economy organization. The socioeconomic differentiation of rural areas, associated with remoteness from cities and transport highways, significantly affects the provision of agricultural production with labor resources. The latter depends on the duration and scale of rural depopulation and modern migration processes, which in some areas lead to social desertification, which is also disastrous for agriculture. Although the post-Soviet institutional transformations operated throughout the country, they had different consequences in the areas with different natural conditions, including in areas of waterlogging and natural desertification. An important factor in the spatial differentiation of agricultural results is the combination of organizational forms of management in different regions: from agricultural holdings to personal subsidiary farms. The result was a change in the specialization of production in a number of regions, an increase in its organizational and spatial polarization and concentration, although it led to an overall increase in the volume of agricultural production in the country. The main consequence of the transformation processes of post-Soviet Russia was the compression of agricultural land use and the shift of grain production to the southern regions. This made it more sensitive to climatic and weather fluctuations, despite the modernization of production.