Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020
Rachel Ε. Neale, Paul W. Barnes, T. Matthew Robson, Patrick J. Neale, Craig E. Williamson, Richard G. Zepp, Stephen R. Wilson, S. Madronich, Anthony L. Andrady, Anu Heikkilä, G. Bernhard, Alkiviadis Bais, P. J. Aucamp, Anastazia T. Banaszak, Janet F. Bornman, Laura S. Bruckman, Scott N. Byrne, Bente Foereid, Donat‐Peter Häder, Loes M. Hollestein, Wen-Che Hou, Samuel Hylander, Marcel A. K. Jansen, Andrew Klekociuk, Ben Liley, Janice Longstreth, Robyn Lucas, Javier Martínez‐Abaigar, Kristopher McNeill, Catherine M. Olsen, Krishna K. Pandey, Lesley E. Rhodes, Sharon A. Robinson, Kevin C. Rose, Tamara Schikowski, Keith R. Solomon, Barbara Sulzberger, J. E. Ukpebor, Qingwei Wang, Sten‐Åke Wängberg, Christopher C. White, Seyhan Yazar, Antony R. Young, Paul J. Young, Liping Zhu, Meifang Zhu
Abstract
Abstract This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.