A Critical Review on Changing Epidemiology of Human Monkeypox-A Current Threat with Multi-Country Outbreak
Anubhav Dubey, Raghuvendra Singh, Ashish Kumar, Gaurav Mishra, Anubha Gupta, Anuj Sonker, Amit Mishra, P Magnus, E Andersen, K Petersen, J Breman, R Kalisa, M Steniowski, E Zanotto, A Gromyko, I Arita, K Reed, J Melski, M Graham, E Alakunle, U Moens, G Nchinda, E Bunge, B Hoet, L Chen, Di Giulio, D Eckburg, P, G Mcfadden, G Oliveira, Ral Rodrigues, M Lima, S Haller, C Peng, G Mcfadden, P Fine, Z Jezek, B Grab, J Esposito, S Sammons, A Frace, S Shchelkunov, A Rimoin, P Mulembakani, S Johnston, A Rao, J Schulte, T Chen, Y Nakazawa, M Mauldin, G Emerson, N Berthet, S Descorps-Declre, C Besombes, H Meyer, M Perrichot, M Stemmler, L Khodakevich, Z Jezek, K Kinzanzka, A Radoni, S Metzger, P Dabrowski, L Patrono, K Plh, L Samuni, E Falendysz, J Lopera, J Doty, J Doty, J Malekani, L Kalemba, Saj Guagliardo, B Monroe, C Moundjoa, P Tchokoteu, I Kago, E Tetanye, P Ndoumbe, D Pignon, J Mbede, N Berthet, E Nakoun, E Whist, E Nakoune, E Lampaert, S Ndjapou, E Kalthan, J Tenguere, S Ndjapou, P Mwanbal, K Tshioko, A Moudi, A Rimoin, N Kisalu, B Kebela-Ilunga, Z Jezek, I Arita, M Mutombo, C Dunn
Abstract
As concerns about the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic begin to dissipate, nations around the world are instead focusing on the outbreak of monkeypox in some areas. Once restricted to specific areas of Africa, the 2022 pandemic has primarily affected European countries and the rest of the western hemisphere. Although numerous groups are working on contact-tracing initiatives, the original cause of this epidemic remains a mystery. The monkeypox virus is a member of the Poxviridae family, which includes many other zoonotic viruses. After smallpox was eradicated worldwide, occurrences of monkeypox gained international attention in the 1970s. Cross-immunity against monkeypox was achieved through the use of the smallpox vaccine. A rise in the incidence of monkeypox followed the end of routine vaccination against smallpox. An outbreak in the United States in 2003 brought monkeypox to the forefront of public consciousness.