Antifouling Brominated Diterpenoids from Japanese Marine Red Alga <i>Laurencia venusta</i> Yamada
Ryosuke Fukada, Yukimasa Yamagishi, Misaki Nagasaka, Daiki Osada, Kazumi Nimura, Iori Oshima, Kazuki Tsujimoto, Masayuki Kirihara, Shinobu Takizawa, Norio Kikuchi, Takahiro Ishii, Takashi Kamada
Abstract
The marine red algal genus Laurencia has abundant halogenated secondary metabolites, which exhibit novel structural types and possess various unique biological potentials, including antifouling activity. In this study, we report the isolation, structure elucidation, and antifouling activities of two novel brominated diterpenoids, aplysin-20 aldehyde (1), 13-dehydroxyisoaplysin-20 (2), and its congeners. We screened marine red alga Laurencia venusta Yamada for their antifouling activity against the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Ethyl acetate extracts of L. venusta from Hiroshima and Chiba, Japan, were isolated and purified, and the compound structures were identified using 1D and 2D NMR, HR-APCI-MS, IR, and chemical synthesis. Seven secondary metabolites were identified, and their antifouling activities were evaluated. Compounds 1, 2, and aplysin-20 (3) exhibited strong activities against M. galloprovincialis. Therefore, these compounds can be explored as natural antifouling drugs.