A combination of PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors: The prospect of overcoming the weakness of tumor immunotherapy (Review)
Xianbin Kong, Peng Lü, Chuanxin Liu, Yuzhu Guo, Yuying Yang, Yingying Peng, Fangyuan Wang, Bo Zhang, Xiaoxin Dou, Haoyang Shi, Jingyan Meng
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors for treatment of a various types of cancers have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are associated with a low response rate and are only effective on a small number of patients with cancer. Development of an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 sensitizer for improving response rate and effectiveness of immunotherapy is a challenge. The present study reviews the synergistic effects of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor with oncolytic virus, tumor vaccine, molecular targeted drugs, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, intestinal flora and traditional Chinese medicine, to provide information for development of effective combination therapies. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Combination of oncolytic virus (OVs) with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 3. Combination of cancer vaccine with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 4. Combination of molecular targeting drugs with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 5. Combination of chemotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 6. Combination of radiotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 7. Combination of intestinal microflora with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 8. Combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors 9. Conclusion and future perspectives