Ecological consequences of antimicrobial residues and bioactive chemicals on antimicrobial resistance in agroecosystems

Abstract

• Antibiotic resistance in agroecosystems emanates from environmental antibiotic residues. • Agroecosystems contain persistent levels of antibiotics and bioactive chemicals. • Interactive impacts of antibiotics and bioactive chemicals on agricultural ecosystems are largely unknown. • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes pose an emerging risk to ecological health. • Field studies are crucial for understanding the spread and removal of antibiotic residues in agroecosystems. The widespread use of antimicrobials in agriculture, coupled with bioactive chemicals like pesticides and growth-promoting agents, has accelerated the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Agroecosystems provides a platform in the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose significant threats to both environmental and public health. This review explores the ecological consequences of antimicrobial residues and bioactive chemicals in agroecosystems, with a focus on their role in shaping AMR. It delves into the mechanisms by which these substances enter agricultural environments, their interactions with soil microbiomes, and the subsequent impacts on microbial community structure. Evidence indicates that the accumulation of antimicrobials promotes resistance gene transfer among microorganisms, potentially compromising ecosystem health and agricultural productivity. By synthesizing current research, we identify critical gaps in knowledge and propose strategies for mitigating the ecological risks associated with antimicrobial residues. Moreover, this review highlights the urgent need for integrated management approaches to preserve ecosystem health and combat the spread of AMR in agricultural settings.

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