Systematic Evaluation of Macromolecular Carbohydrate-Lectin Recognition Using Precision Glycopolymers
Cole A. Williams, Daniel J. Stone, Soumil Y. Joshi, Gökhan Yilmaz, Parisa Farzeen, Sungjin Jeon, Zamira Harris-Ryden, C. Remzi Becer, Sanket A. Deshmukh, Cassandra E. Callmann
Abstract
The precise modulation of protein-carbohydrate interactions is critical in glycobiology, where multivalent binding governs key cellular processes. As such, synthetic glycopolymers are useful for probing these interactions. Herein, we developed precision glycopolymers (PGPs) with unambiguous local chemical composition and well-defined global structure and systematically evaluated the effect of polymer length, hydrophobicity, and backbone hybridization as well as glycan density and identity on the binding to both mammalian and plant lectins. Our studies identified glycan density as a critical factor, with PGPs below 50% grafting density showing significantly weaker lectin interactions. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the observed phenomena may be due to a decrease in carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in fully grafted PGPs, leading to improved solvent accessibility. In functional assays, these PGPs reduced the cell viability and migration in 4T1 breast cancer cells. Our findings establish a structure-activity relationship in glycopolymers, providing new strategies for designing synthetic glycomacromolecules for a myriad of applications.