Toward optimal operations of long-lifetime PEM electrolysis: Degradation mechanisms, modeling, diagnostics, and control
Islam Zerrougui, Zhongliang Li, Daniel Hissel
Abstract
The global shift toward sustainable energy technologies has underscored the importance of efficient hydrogen production methods. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) has emerged as a possible solution due to its high efficiency, rapid response capabilities, and seamless integration with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. Optimizing PEMWE operations is crucial for enhancing performance metrics including efficiency, durability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review focusing on the key elements necessary for optimizing PEMWE operations facing a variety of degradation mechanisms and encompassing advanced modeling techniques, diagnostic tools, and control strategies. Various modeling approaches are explored, from static lump-parameter to dynamic and multi-dimensional ones, highlighting their roles in capturing the complex multi-physics phenomena inherent in PEM systems. Diagnostic methods, from electrochemical and physical to software-based ones, are examined for their effectiveness in identifying and mitigating degradation mechanisms that compromise system longevity and performance. Additionally, state-of-the-art control strategies are discussed, focusing on regulating critical operational parameters such as current density, temperature, water flow, and pressure, thereby maintaining optimal operating conditions. By integrating insights from multiple disciplines, this review proposes an Integrated Optimization Framework that serves as a roadmap for advancing PEMWE technology toward its optimal potential. The framework addresses current challenges and identifies future research directions aimed at enhancing the efficiency, durability, and overall performance of PEM electrolysis, thereby contributing to the realization of a sustainable hydrogen economy. • Discuss systematically on degradation mechanisms, modeling, diagnostics and control. • Clarify the interactions among the elements involved in PEMWE system operation. • Propose an integrated optimization framework to achieve optimal operation. • Provide prospects on various aspects toward the PEMWE optimal operation.